Actions
Indirect Involvement
Refoulement by ProxyGACS/LYCG Training
Given his position, it is reasonable to think that the suspect is implicated in the activities carried out by the Italian Navy since 2016. Under the supervision of the Ministry of Defence, the Italian Navy has actively supported the systematic policy of unlawful refoulement by proxy by closely coordinating its actions with the Libyan Coast Guard. (See Italy, “Coordination of “rescue” operations and refoulement by proxy”).
Indirect Involvement
Refoulement by ProxyCreaton of Libyan SAR Zone
Under the supervision of the Ministry of Defence, the Italian Navy has played the most significant role in the discussed policies and has been one of the main involved actors for the implementation of both Italian and European operations in the Mediterranean, namely Mare Nostrum, EUNAVFOR MED Operation Sophia and Mare Sicuro. The Italian operations Mare Nostrum and Mare Sicuro have been headed by the Chief of the Italian Navy during their respective mandates. (See Italy, “Ministry of Defense and the Italian Navy”). The Italian Navy has actively supported the systematic policy of unlawful refoulement by proxy by closely coordinating its actions with the Libyan Coast Guard. (See Italy, “Coordination of “rescue” operations and refoulement by proxy”).