
Luxembourg
Jean-Claude Juncker
2014–2019
European CommissionPresident
Actions
Potential Involvement
Killing by DrowningMare Nostrum → Triton
In 2015 he admitted that the termination of MN was a mistake and that "it costs human lives" and that Frontex "could intervene in international water tomorrow if that were the general will"
Indirect Involvement
Killing by DrowningRefoulement by ProxyRhetoric Marginalization
The Juncker Commission endorsed the "European Agenda on Migration", a document which clearly put the focus on: the reduction of "incentives for irregular migration" and "border management" (it did mention saving lives but slightly) (See, The Commission, B Implication in relevant policies, I End of MN launch of Triton)
Indirect Involvement
Refoulement by ProxyInformation Sharing & Collecting
Within the Seahorse Med framework, the Commission planned to provide 285 million euros for the expansion of border surveillance to Libya; The Commission had already funded the establishement of several "operational control centers" with 42.2 million euros. Each Commissioner at that time (2017) must have approved those decision, and as President Junkcer must have had large influence over this (The Commission, Seahorse Med).
Indirect Involvement
Refoulement by ProxyDirect & Indirect Financing
The Juncker Commission endorsed the European Agenda on Migration which provided for increasing the budget of joint-operations Triton and Poseidon; between 2015 and 2016, the budget did increase from 143 million to 231 million. (See, The Commission, B Implication in relevant policies, I End of MN launch of Triton) since each Commissioner must agree on the Commission's decisions, he encompass a functional responsibility, reinforced by the fact that he was the President of the Commission (See, Commission, European Agenda on Migration)