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Maris Kucinskis

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Indirect Involvement

Killing by DrowningRefoulement by ProxyRhetoric Marginalization

Functional responsibility for the repeated efforts of the European Council 02/2016 - 01/2019 to rhetorically marginalize refugees.

This includes:

  • in February 2016, the Council emphasized its dissatisfaction with the “slow” pace of regaining control of external borders and highlighted the “necessity” to act swiftly on limiting migration. (See European Council Report, 2016). In addition, the Bratislava Declaration of September 2016 reiterated the need to “ensure full control of external borders” (See European Council Report, 2016)

Indirect Involvement

Refoulement by ProxyGACS/LYCG Training

Functional responsibility for the decisions of the European Council 02/2016–01/2019:

This includes:

  • the June 2016 Council conclusions, which expressed its approval of Operation Sophia's involvement in “training the Libyan coastguard. (See European Council Report, 2016)

  • the December 2016 Council conclusions, which emphasized the goal of supporting the Libyan coastguard through Operation Sophia (See European Council Report, 2016)

  • the 2017 Malta conference, at which Council members called for EU to "train, equip and support the Libyan national coast guard" (See European Council Report: 2017: The Libyan Coastguards)

  • the June 2018 conclusions, which called on “all vessels... not [to] obstruct operations of the Libyan coastguard.” (See European Council Report: 2018)